Auoiaeo n aidaey 2003 aiaaIiaieniie eiaaen - 39219 a Iauaaeiaiiii eaoaeiaa «Idanna Dinnee»
Aaoid: TH. AIAOINEEE
Iadaua donneea ydiadee (io iaiaoeiai Jahrmarkt — aaeaaiaiue oida) eae idaaiecaoeiiiay oidia iadeiae/aneie iioiaie e dicie/iie oidaiaee aicieeee a XIV—XV aaeao, a ia/aeuiue iadeia eeeaeaaoee oaiaaeuiie dacadiaeaiiinoe e iadaciaaiey aaeiiai iaoeiiaeuiiai donneiai ainoaadnoaa. Ai yoiai ia naaadi-caiaaa oaddeoidee Adaaiae Done (XI—XII aae) ianoii oidaiaee neoaeeee iiainou (a oi adaiy oae iacuaaeenu oaiodu naeuneie iaueiu), a oaeaea oidaeee, iniaaiii iiianoudneea, ia eioidua noaeaeenu iiieii aeeoaeae ninaaieo aadaaaiu eoiou ec aaeuieo aidiaia e nae. Iaiaei ie iiainou, ie oidaeee, ie aacadu, ideaeaeaaoea e naaa iedanoiia ianaeaiea aiciiaeiinouth iieoiie e idiaaae, ia iaeaaaee aua a oi adaiy oadaeoadiuie iniaaiiinoyie ydiadi/iiai oidaa. Aaau ydiadea, eae aieaa aunieay ii ndaaiaieth n iada/eneaiiuie idaaiecaoeiiiay oidia iadeiae/aneie oidaiaee, idaaiieaaaea aoyaeaaiea a naith idaeoo oaea ia oieuei aeeceaaeaueo oaddeoidee, ii e ioaaeaiiuo iaeanoae. Ia iiainoao aea e oidaeeao oidaiaey iineea, eae idaaeei, ianoiue, eieaeuiue oadaeoad. E oieuei iicaea, n dacaeoeai aieaa oedieeo duii/iuo ioiioaiee, n aiaea/aieai a oidaiaue iaidio idiaoeoia naeuneiai oicyenoaa e ecaaeee aidianeeo daianeaiieeia, danoedyaony ciia aaenoaey e ianoiuo oidaeeia, daaeon eo aeeyiey. Cia/aiea eo eae oidaiauo oaiodia ia/eiaao idinoedaouny aaeaei ca idaaaeu aaiiie ianoiinoe.
Ieacaa aieuoia aeeyiea ia aaeuiaeoaa dacaeoea donneie oidaiaee, oidaeee iiaaioiaeee iadaoia e oidiai aieaa neiaeiui - noaoeiiadiie duii/iie e iadeiae/aneie aacadiie. Auee nicaaiu iaiaoiaeiua idaaiinueee aey aicieeiiaaiey oaea e ydiadi/iie oidaiaee, eioidoth ioee/aee io idaaoanoaothueo oidi ia oieuei edoiiua daciadu oidaiauo iaidioia, ii e idenouea ae aaa oaiaaioee - oaiodiaaaeiay e oaiodinodaieoaeuiay. ssdiadea aeeoioeediaaea iadiiioth ianno anaaiciiaeiuo oiaadia, ideaiceaoeony ec daciuo eiioia nodaiu. E yaeyynu, n iaiie noidiiu, oaiodii ideoyaeaiey yoeo oiaadia, iia, n adoaie noidiiu, dannaeaaea eo a dacee/iuo iaidaaeaieyo ii ianoiui duieai aioode nodaiu e ca aa idaaaeaie.
Yoe aaa oaiaaioee iidaaaeyee aeoeaioth dieu ydiadee e aa cia/aiea a dacaeoee donneie oidaiaee ia idioyaeaiee ianeieueeo noieaoee.
E ia/aeo XVII aaea idioann oaddeoideaeuiie e iieeoe/aneie oaiodaeecaoee a Dinnee caeii/eeny neeyieai iaeanoae, caiaeu e eiyaeanoa a iaii oaeia. Yoi neeyiea auei aucaaii oneeeaathueiny iaiaiii iaaeao iaeanoyie, iinoaiaiii danoouei oiaadiui iadauaieai, eiioaiodaoeae iaaieuoeo ianoiuo duieia a iaei anadinneeneee duiie. Doeiaiaeoaeyie e oicyaaaie yoiai idioanna auee eoiou.
Eoiou - iadaiia/aeuii ethaua ethae, iieoiaaoea eee idiaaaaaoea oiaad, iindaaieee iaaeao idiecaiaeoaeai e iieoiaoaeai - iinoaiaiii noaiiayony «eoia/anoaii». Yoi neiai icia/aao oaea ia ioaaeuiuo, iidie neo/aeiuo ethaae, a ndaaiaa nineiaea a donneii ndaaiaaaeiaii iauanoaa, ia/eiathuaa eadaou dieu oidaiai-idiiuoeaiiiai aaeaeeoaey. Eoia/anoai eae idioanneiiaeuii iainiaeaoeeny iauanoaaiiue eeann naiei idienoiaeaaieai iaycaii oaeeeii dacaeoeth oidaiaee.
Nindaaioi/eaoea a naieo doeao edoiioth aioodaiithth e /anoe/ii aiaoithth oidaiaeth, donneea eoiou auee aeoeaiuie o/anoieeaie ydiadi/iiai oidaa. Iie niaadoaee ia aieuoeo ydiadeao edoiiua oidaiaua naaeee, neoiaee oiaadu, idiaaaea eioiduo ia aiaoiee duiie ia ninoaaeyea oadneie iiiiiieee e iiyoiio ia auea caidauaia idaaeoaeunoaii.
Iniaaiii oedieia danidinodaiaiea a iaoae nodaia ydiadee iieo/eee a XVII e XVIII aaeao. E yoiio adaiaie ioiineony aicieeiiaaiea a Dinnee iaiooaeoodiiai idiecaianoaa, ieacaaoaai cia/eoaeuiia aeeyiea ia danoedaiea aioodaiiae, a oii /enea e ydiadi/iie, oidaiaee. Iaod.I, ideaaaay ae aieuoia cia/aiea, any/anee niaaenoaiaae dacaeoeth ydiadie. Ii, iaideiad, n/eoae, /oi yoa oidia ia oieuei niinianoaoao dacaeoeth aioodaiiaai oiaadiiaidioa, ii e yaeyaony oaeaea iaiei ec niiniaia dacaeoey oidaiauo naycae n eiinodaiiuie ainoaadnoaaie. A daaeaiaioa Aeaaiiio iaaenodaoo a 1721 aiao aiaideeinu i oii, /oi iaaenodao iaycai «noadaouny ia oiiiaeaiee ydiadie e oidaia a aidiaao e oacaao, a idenoieiuo ianoao, a aieuoa a oaeeo, e eioidui aiayiie oia anou naiaiaiue, iioiio /oi /adac yoe ydiadee e oidae oiiiaeathony eacaiiua naidu, dacaeaathony oidaiaey e idiiunea e idienoiaeo /adac oi aiaieunoai a iadiaa». A 1755.aiao, n onoaiiaeaieai iniaiai idioaioiiai naida n aeeuaaeneeo eaieoaeia, eoiou iadauo aaoo aeeuaee iieo/eee idaai aaniioeeiiie oidaiaee ia anao ydiadeao nodaiu, /aai ia eiaee eoiou odaouae aeeuaee.
Dino iaiooaeoodiiai idiecaianoaa a iadaie iieiaeia XIX aaea ieacae aieuoia aeeyiea ia dacaeoea ia oieuei aioodaiiae, ii e aiaoiae oidaiaee Dinnee. Eiaiii a yoio iadeia iniaaiii aieuoia cia/aiea, iiieii Iineau e Iaoadaodaa, ideiadaoatho oaeea edoiiua noauaeou aioodaiiae e aiaoiae oidaiaee, eae, iaideiad, Deaa, Iaanna, Ieeieaaa, Iiaidinneene, Ieaeiee Iiaaidia e iaeioidua adoaea. A yoio aea iadeia iaaethaaaony aunodue dino /enea ydiadie a Dinnee e cia/eoaeuiia oaaee/aiea oidaiauo ydiadi/iuo iaidioia. ssdiadee noaiiayony edoiiaeoeie iioiauie oaiodaie. E eiioo iadaie iieiaeiu XIX aaea a Dinnee eo ian/eouaaeinu nauoa 5,5 ouny/, e aaenoaiaaee iie ii/oe ai anao daeiiao nodaiu. Iiaaaeythuaa eo aieuoeinoai (ieiei 5,2 oun.) ideoiaeeinu ia oacau e naeuneea ianoiinoe. Iaidiou edoiiuo ydiadie en/eneyeenu aanyoeaie ieeeeiiia doaeae, a oaaeuiue aan ydiadi/iie oidaiaee ai aioodaiiai oiaadiiaidioa nodaiu n eaaeaui aiaii aicdanoae.
Aieuooth dieu eadaee iie e ai aiaoiae oidaiaea. Oaea iadaua donneea ydiadee XIV, XV e XVI aaeia ideaeaeaee iiiaeanoai eiinodaiiuo eoioia, ainoaaeyaoeo nthaa ainoi/ii- e caiaaiiaadiiaeneea oiaadu a iaiai ia donneea. Oae, iaideiad, a XIV e XV aaeao ia edoiioth donneoth ydiadeo a Oieiiuai aidiaea, ia ianoa neeyiey Iieiae n Aieaie, nuacaeaeenu iaiou, iieyee, eeoiaou, adaee, eoaeuyiou e iadnu. Eiinodaiiua eoiou iaiaieaaee noeoua iaaaeau, oeaie, eiaee, oiiidu e iinoao ia ecaaeey donneeo daianeaiieeia, a oaeaea ia nudua, iaa e o.a.
Ai aoidie iieiaeia XVIII e a iadaie iieiaeia XIX aaea dieu ydiadie ai aiaoiae oidaiaea iniaaiii aicdinea. Iie niinianoaiaaee idiaaeaeaieth donneeo oiaadia ia aiaoiea duiee, a eiiidoiuo - ia aioodaiiea duiee Dinnee. Iaeaieuoaa cia/aiea a yoii ioiioaiee eiaea Ieaeaaidianeay ydiadea, eioiday oaea a 20-o aiaao XIX aaea ii naiei iaidioai yaeyeanu edoiiaeoae a ieda. Iia auea o/daaeaaia ii Auni/aeoaio iiaaeaieth 15 oaadaey 1817 aiaa. A oi adaiy a Ieaeiee Iiaaidia ideacaeaee ni naieie oiaadaie eoiou ec iiiaeo nodai Ainoiea e Caiaaa, iiyoiio caaoithth ydiadeo iacuaaee «iaiiaui aaidii Aadiiu n Aceae», e eioidiio noaeaeenu «ai iyoeaanyoe ieaiai» aey nauoa naieo oiaadia. Iaiiadaiaiii Ieaeaaidianeay ydiadea eiaiiaaeanu e «anadinneeneei oidaeeuai», eoaa ideauaaee eoiou ni anao eiioia Dinnee, Neaede, Ndaaiae Acee, Iadnee, Eaaeaca.
Aadiiaeneea eoiou iinoaaeyee ia ydiadeo noeia, aoiaaeiua e oaeeiaua oeaie, euiyiua e iaiueiaua ecaaeey, edanee, iineaoaeuiua oiaadu, eioa, edaniia e naiaaeiaia aadaai, daciua iaieoee, eidaeeu, /anu, nadaadyiua e aaeaioadaeiua ecaaeey, einiaoe/aneea oiaadu, noaeuiua ecaaeey, dacee/iua einodoiaiou, iiaiua oaidu. Ideiadaoaee iie caanu oaeaea oedieee niaeod oiaadia. Iniaaiiui nidinii iieuciaaeenu oeaa e naeuneioicyenoaaiiia oaoie/aneia nudua - eai, iaiuea, eiiiiey, eiaee, uaoeia. Oaeei iadacii, Ieaeaaidianeay ydiadea a iadaie iieiaeia XIX aaea yaeyeanu iniiaiui iinoaaueeii naeuneioicyenoaaiiiai nuduy aey caiaaiiaadiiaeneeo e ioa/anoaaiiuo oaenoeeuiuo oaadee.
Ideaeaeaee aadiiaeoaa e oiaadu, ainoaaeyaiua ia ydiadeo n Ainoiea. Eoiou aceaoneeo nodai ideaiceee idaeiouanoaaiii eieiieaeuiua oiaadu e ecaaeey ainoi/iuo ianoadia. Ec Eeoay iinoaaeyee /ae, ec Aooadu - oeii/aoiaoiaaeioth idyaeo, eiadu e dacee/iua oeaie. Ec Iadnee aacee a aieuoii eiee/anoaa oaee, aeai/oa, nooaiua odoeou. Oodaoeea eoiou idiaaaaee ia ydiadea oaee, adaaioaiiua eaiie, oaaae.
Aieuoay /anou yeniidoedoaiuo ia aceaoneea duiee oiaadia idioiaeea oaeaea /adac Ieaeaaidianeoth ydiadeo. Iniaue eioadan aceaou idiyaeyee e donneei oeii/aoiaoiaaeiui oeaiyi, ninoaaeyaoei a 30-a aiau XIX aaea aeaaiue idaaiao donneiai yeniidoa a nodaiu Ndaaiaai Ainoiea. Iaeaieaa aeoeaioth dieu eadaee a yoii aooadneea eoiou, caieiaaoea iadaia ianoi ndaae ndaaiaaceaoneeo eoioia, oidaiaaaoeo n Dinneae.
Iadaay e iniaaiii aoiday /aoaadou XIX aaea oadaeoadecothony aunodui dinoii a Dinnee /enea edoiiuo idaaideyoee. Oaaee/aiea a nayce n yoei auionea idiaoeoee ii/oe ai anao iodaneyo eae oyaeaeie, oae e eaaeie idiiuoeaiiinoe iodaceeinu e ia ydiadi/iie oidaiaea, iniaaiii ia oidaiaea Ieaeaaidianeie ydiadee, n/eoaaoaeny aadiiaodii yeiiiie/aneie aeecie nodaiu. Iia noaiiaeony iaiei ec edoiiuo oaiodia iioiaie oidaiaee.
Ndaae idi/eo ydiadie, ia eioiduo idienoiaeee edoiiua oidaiaua naaeee n eiinodaiiuie eoioaie, ecaanoiinouth iieuciaaeanu oaeaea Edaeoneay ydiadea a Iadineie aoaadiee, o/daaeaaiiay a 1643 aiao. Ii naiaio yeiiiie/aneiio cia/aieth e daciado iaidioa iia ii idaao caieiaea aoidia ianoi a Dinnee. Iniiaiia cia/aiea yoie ydiadee ninoiyei a oii, /oi iia neoaeeea aeaaiui oaiodii oidaiaee Odaea e Neaede. Caanu eoiou caianaeenu oeaiyie, aaeaioadaeiuie e aaeaeaeiuie oiaadaie ia oaeue aia. A naith i/adaau, iie ainoaaeyee ia ydiadeo neaedneea oiaadu - iaoa, eiaee, duao, uaoeio, iaa, aine, eidiaua ianei, eiiiieyiia e euiyiia naiy. Eiaee caanu nauo oaeaea oiaadu ec Eeoay e Ndaaiae Acee, a /adac Adoaiaaeune e Iineao nthaa iinooiaee naoad, eioa, noeia, aeiiadaaiua aeia. Caanu inouanoaeyeny nauo eoioaie aey iadaidiaaaee idiiuoeyaoaio ioioie ianaeaieth idaaiaoia ee/iiai iiodaaeaiey e idiiuneiauo ideiaaeaaeiinoae - idoaeey, iidioa, caadiaieiuo e duaieiaiuo nianoae e o.i.
A XVIII e iniaaiii a XIX aaea Edaeoneay ydiadea ideiadaoaao aieuoia cia/aiea eae edoiiue oaiod ii oidaiaea iooieiie. Ionthaa oae a Naaadioth Aiadeeo, aadiiaeneea e aceaoneea nodaiu cia/eoaeuiuie iadoeyie iao aidiinoay, niaiey, aiada, /adiiaodie eeneou, ianoa e aaeee. Iaidio Edaeoneie ydiadee a 30-o aiaao XIX aaea en/eneyeny 10 iei doa., a e eiioo aoidie iieiaeiu XIX aaea ii ainoea 85—90 iei doa. Ii iada iauaai dinoa iaidioa a Edaeoa idienoiaeei oaaee/aiea caeoiie iooieiu aey auaica ca adaieoo.
A /enea adoaeo edoiiuo ydiadie, aaenoaiaaaoeo ia oaddeoidee Neaede a XIX e ia/aea XX aaea, neaaoao iacaaou Edanoianei-Eaaiianeoth (Iadineay aoaadiey), Iaiiaie/aneoth (aeec Idaiaodaa), Iaicaeeineoth (Ooeineay aoaadiey) e Eyooeineoth (Aodyoey). A /anoiinoe, Iaiiaie/aneay ydiadea niaoeaeecediaaeanu ia oidaiaea diaaoui neioii, eioaauie, aadaethaaie, a oaeaea oiaeeie aceaoneeie oiaadaie. Iaicaeeineay n/eoaeanu iaeaieaa edoiiie a Dinnee eiiiie ydiadeie.Nouanoaiaaee e adoaea niaoeaeecediaaiiua ydiadee.. eaniua (ia Aieaa, Eaia, adoaeo daeao), nuduaaua, ydiadee neioa (a Oadueianeie e Aidiiaaeneie aoaadieyo, iaeanoe aienea Aiineiai).
Edoiiie ydiadeie naaada Dinnee noaea Iadaadeoeineay ydiadea a Adoaiaaeunea, ia eioidie oidaiaaee a iniiaiii duaie, iaiooaeoodie, idaaiaoaie idiiuneia e oicyenoaaiiiai iaeoiaa. Iiioeydiinou ideiadaea Eodneay ydiadea, eoaa eoiou ideaiceee oedaeineia noaeei, naei e aaaiou, ia/eio e iadeooeo, ideaiiyee diaaoue neio e eioaaae n odaeuneeo e iiaiineiaiuo caaiaia. Neaaoao ioiaoeou, /oi ii caeiio 1862 aiaa ana dinneeneea ydiadee auee dacaaeaiu ia iyou eeannia ioiineoaeuii oieaou iniaiai oidaiaiai iaeiaeaiey. Ide/ai iineaaiee eeann aue inaiaiaeaai io yoiai naida. A ii caeiio i idiiuneiaii iaeiaa 1898 aiaa ec iaai auee eneeth/aiu iaei/iie oida e ideeac/e/ee idiiunae ia anao ydiadeao, idiaieaeathueony iaiaa 14 aiae. Aey idi/ae oidaiaee inoaaeyeenu iaeiae idaaeieo daciadia.
A iadeia naiaai aaenoaey ydiadee noaiiaeeenu oaiodaie ia oieuei oidaiaee, ii e iauanoaaiiie e eoeuoodiie aeecie. Ia eo oaddeoidee onodaeaaeenu iadaaiua aoeyiuy, oaaodaeuiua e adoaea cdaeeuiua idaanoaaeaiey, a oii /enea iaaaaaeue iioaoe. Nouanoaiaaei niaoeaeuiia ydiadi/iia caeiiiaaoaeunoai, a oaeaea odaaeoee e deooae eo ioeduoey e caeduoey. Aey doeiaianoaa oidaiaeae, onoaiiaeaiey idaaee e iidyaea ia edoiiuo ydiadeao nicaaaaeenu niaoeaeuiua eiieoaou. Aunoaa iaaethaaiea, iaideiad ca Ieaeaaidianeie ydiadeie, iido/aeinu aoaadiaoido, iieo/aaoaio ia adaiy aa daaiou /dacau/aeiua idaaa. Aey iiaaadaeaiey iauanoaaiiiai iidyaea ia ydiadeao ooaa iaidaaeyeenu aieuoea iadyau iieeoee e iiadacaaeaiey eaca/ueo aiene.
N ia/aeii Adaaeaaineie aieiu a oneiaeyo aiaiiiai eiiioiecia ydiadee a Niaaoneie Dinnee idaedaoeeenu. Eeou a iadeia iadaoiaa nodaiu e iyio iie noaee aicdiaeaaouny. Ia oaddeoidee Dinneeneie Oaaadaoee a 1922—1923 aiaao aaenoaiaaei ieiei 600 ydiadie, a e 1927 aiao eo /enei ainoeaei oaea ii/oe 7,5 ouny/e.
A ia/aea 1930-o aiaia ydiadee a NNND auee oidacaiaiu. E eeou a iineaaiaiiia adaiy iie, eae iaia ec oidi ainoaadnoaaiiie e eiiiadaoeaiie oidaiaee, iiyaeeenu aiiau. N 1958.aiaa iadeiae/anee onodaeaaeenu iaaedaeiiiua e iaaedanioaeeeaineea ydiadee n iioiaie idiaaaeae e caeeth/aieai oidaiauo naaeie ii iadacoai. Oedieia o/anoea iaoa nodaia noaea ideieiaou e a daaioa iaaeaoiadiaiuo ydiadie.
